literature coding explore

Selecting the literature that was included in this systematic review

In June 2022 a systematic search was completed using Web of Science to identify articles that mentioned factors that either contributed to “successful” implementation of dynamic ocean management (DOM), hereafter referred to as a “bridge”. Literature that discussed factors that would need to be addressed or considered prior to effective implementation of dynamic management approaches or tools were also included, hereafter referred to as a “barrier”. In this systematic review, we coded bridges and barriers that were related to DOM voluntary programs and/or enforced regulations, as well as those that were related to tool development (e.g., species spatial modeling tools such as EcoCast) that support dynamic management approaches.

During the initial search, the following table of primary and secondary terms were used:

Primary term	Secondary term
Dynamic ocean management	Success
Dynamic spatial management	Efficiency
Adaptive management	Obstacles
Dynamic closures	Limitations
Bycatch reduction
Habitat preference

A search was completed in Web of Science for each combination of primary and secondary terms. Works from the primary (i.e., peer reviewed journals) and grey (e.g., theses, book chapters) were included, and this initial search resulted in 1,351 articles. The abstracts for each of these documents were scanned for relevance, and the inclusion of the terms ‘dynamic’ or ‘adaptive’ management were confirmed. From this cut, a remaining 127 articles were saved. An additional search through the NOAA Institutional Repository and Federal Register was also completed. Here, documents such as policy reports and planning documents were selected. This search resulted in 795 documents. The abstracts or content summaries for each of these documents were scanned for relevance, and 10 articles were saved for a full read through to determine final inclusion. Inclusion and exclusion criteria for both queries are described here:

Inclusion	Exclusion
All cases where adaptive or near-real time forms of management or tools that support this form of management were discussed, even if the specific term ‘Dynamic Ocean Management’ was not explicitly used.	The term ‘DOM’ was mentioned, or even recommended, but there was no discussion as to why (e.g. SDM studies that suggest DOM applications as a next step for their model)
All cases where near real-time SDM tools or fleet-wide communication to avoid negative species interactions.	Articles that involved changes or updates to environmental data stores or remote sensing tools used for developing SDM tools to support DOM, but DOM was not specifically applied, recommended, or reviewed.

The final list of included works consisted of 137 documents. Each of these were fully read by two reviewers and went through a final pass for determining inclusion. Additional snowball sampling was performed to identify and include articles that were referenced in this list. The abstracts of these referenced articles were read and their inclusion was determined. Lastly, the search ended in August 2023 and articles or documents published after this date were not included in this review. The final list of works analyzed for the review included 110 articles (i.e., primary literature, student theses, policy reports, textbook chapters).

Coding the bridges and barriers as identified in the literature

Two reviewers went through each of the 110 articles to identify pieces of text that were related to DOM bridges that were linked to the approaches success or were used as justification when systems recommended its adoption. The reviewers also identified the barriers that hindered the efficacy of DOM or must be considered prior to it’s broader application. Through this effort, 19 “bridge” and 10 “barrier” categories were determined. For both the bridge and barrier code categories, three larger “umbrella” groups were established: species, social, and data. A table of the full list of codes/themes are depicted here. Please note that this is a draft of codes, and thus we are happy to modify the terminology throughout the study review process.

Bridges

Code category	Code label
Data bridge	Management scale aligns with system needs
Data bridge	Target species data availability
Data bridge	Access to advanced technology and techniques
Data bridge	Data transparency and accessibility
Data bridge	Abiotic data availability
Data bridge	Resource use data availability
Social bridge	Resource availability
Social bridge	Pre-existing regulation and management institutions
Social bridge	Adoption incentives for end users
Social bridge	Feasibility
Social bridge	Co-management and communication
Ecological bridge	Expected climate change induced range shifts
Ecological bridge	Distinct habitat preferences among species in system
Ecological bridge	Biotic indicators of target species presence
Ecological bridge	Abiotic indicators of target species presence
Ecological bridge	Highly mobile target species
Ecological bridge	Target species is a prey specialist
Ecological bridge	Life history information available for target species
Ecological bridge	Fine-scale management appropriate for target species

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Barriers

Code category	Code label
Data barrier	Implementation costs
Data barrier	Gaps and inaccuracy
Data barrier	Management scales do not align with system needs
Data barrier	Model abuse
Ecological barrier	Need for multispecies management
Data barrier	Climate change adding uncertainty to target species habitat use
Social barrier	Indirect socioeconomic consequences
Social barrier	Lack of political administration permanence
Social barrier	Poor communication and outreach
Social barrier	Poor program implementation

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Sankey diagram of code heirarchies

Here, each of the codes and their subcodes are presented. The presented percentages represent totals across all codes.

Visualizing the bridges and barrier codes from the literature

Below is a first attempt at how to visualize some of the data collected from this review. This first section represents general information about the articles selected for this review (e.g., study location, fisheries or shipping channels involved, species for which the tool or management program was established for).

Study information

Study regions

Study fisheries and shipping channels

Study taxa

Study species

Conservation problem being addressed

Code metadata vs. code frequencies

Code appearance frequencies across articles (n = 109)

The proportions reported in these figures represent the percent of papers included these broader code categories or individual codes.

Broader categories

Data frequencies

Ecological frequencies

Social frequencies

Code appearance frequencies within code categories

Here, I have plotted the same information as the previous section, but as a percentage of the overall bridges and barriers groupings. For example, data bridges make up 37% of all bridge codes. The same pattern holds for the other sub-panels. For example, on the ecological page, abiotic indicators account for 22% of all ecological bridge codes.

Broader categories

Data codes

Ecological codes

Social codes

Code co-occurrence themes

All code relations

This is a heatmap of all code relationships within articles. The number of co-ocurrences represents the number of times two codes co-occurered together in the same article.

Most frequent code relations

This heatmap represents the same data set as the last figure, but only includes co-occurrence values greater than or equal to 6, which is the 75% quantile of the co-occurrence totals. I have also added boxes around totals greater than 11, which was the 90% quantile of the co-occurrence total data set. Blue text represents data bridges and barriers, grey text represents ecological bridges and barriers, and orange text represents social bridges and barriers.

Data code relations

This is a look at the data bridge and barrier code relations. Totals higher than or equal to 14 (90th quantile for data totals) are outlined in black.Here, red text represents codes that are barriers, and green text represents codes that are bridges.

Ecological code relations

This is a look at the ecological bridge and barrier code relations. Totals higher than or equal to 5 (90th quantile for ecological totals) are outlined in black.Here, red text represents codes that are barriers, and green text represents codes that are bridges.

Social code relations

This is a look at the social bridge and barrier code relations. Totals higher than or equal to 5 (90th quantile for social totals) are outlined in black.Here, red text represents codes that are barriers, and green text represents codes that are bridges.